![]() ![]() −, generate Al superoxides (H 2O 5)] +2.Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres that after complexation with O 2 The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al +3 to target tissues. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of “total Al” assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. (2007).Ĭhallenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines) it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates.
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